3. Buddhist / Gandharan Architecture (2nd century BCE – 7th century CE)
Monasteries, stupas, and Greco-Buddhist sculpture blending East and West. Centered in Gandhara (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Buddhist architecture flourished with a distinct blend of Indian and Greco-Roman elements. Monasteries such as those in Taxila and Takht-i-Bahi served both residential and spiritual…